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Modules

Features​

ES module is deferred by default​

Script downloading affect on html parsing -- v8.dev (Source: link)

Comparison​

ES6 vs CommonJS​

FeaturesES ModuleCommonJS
Loading styleAsynchronousSynchronous
Exported withLive bindingCached value
Import hanldingLive bindingCached Value
Dependency Resolve TimeBuild timeRuntime
Static Analysis⭕❌
Tree shaking❌⭕

ES modules vs classic scripts​

  • ES module uses import/export syntax, not available in classis scripts

  • ES modules have strict mode enabled by default, while disabled in classic script

  • modules have a lexical top-level scope

  • this within modules does not refer to the global this but is undefined. (Use globalThis to access the global this.)

    //script.js
    var foo = 1;
    console.log(window.foo); // 1

    // module.mjs
    var bar = 1;
    console.log(window.foo); // undefined

  • ES module is deferred by default

Deep Dive​

<script> vs <script type='module'>​

Refer to this blog post.

Using JS modules in the browser​

  • module fetching is deferred by default, while classic script blocks html parsing

    <!-- type="module" indicates main.mjs is an ES6 module, and only recognized by browsers that support ESM. -->
    <script type="module" src="main.mjs"></script>
    <!-- script with nomodule flag is ignored by browsers supporting ESM, but handled by browsers don't. -->
    <!-- add defer to avoid blocking html parsing -->
    <script nomodule defer src="fallback.js"></script>

  • modules are always evaluated only once, while classic scripts are evaluated whenever encountered.

    <!-- classic.js executes multiple times. -->
    <script src="classic.js"></script>
    <script src="classic.js"></script>

    <!-- module.mjs executes only once. -->
    <script type="module" src="module.mjs"></script>
    <script type="module" src="module.mjs"></script>
    <script type="module">import './module.mjs';</script>

  • modules and their dependencies are fetched with CORS, meaning any cross-origin module scripts must be served with the proper headers, such as Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *.

Why module must be specified explicitly with type='module'?​

Great explanation here.

Export difference in ES6 and CJS​

In short, ES6 modules exports objects through live binding while CJS modules exports cached values. Exporting binding in ES6 helps dealing with cyclic dependencies, refer to this blog post for in-depth explanation.

  • CommonJS exports cached value

    //index.js
    const foo = require("./foo");

    console.log("Initial external value: ", foo.value); // Initial external value:  0

    console.log("---Increment function call---");
    foo.increment(); // Internal value: 1
    console.log("External value: ", foo.value); // External value:  0

    console.log("---Direct modification from external---");
    foo.value += 1;
    foo.printInternalValue(); // Internal value: 1
    console.log("External value: ", foo.value); //External value:  1

    //foo.js
    let value = 0;

    function increment() {
      value += 1;
      printInternalValue();
    }

    function printInternalValue() {
      console.log("Internal value:", value);
    }

    module.exports = { value, increment, printInternalValue };

  • ES6 exports binding

    //index.js
    import { value, increment, printInternalValue } from "./foo.mjs";

    console.log("Initial external value: ", value); // Initial external value: 0

    console.log("---Increment function call---");
    increment(); // Internal value: 1
    console.log("External value: ", value); // External value:  1

    console.log("---Direct modification from external---");
    value += 1; // TypeError: Assignment to constant variable.
    printInternalValue();
    console.log("External value: ", foo.value);

    //foo.mjs
    let value = 0;

    function increment() {
      value += 1;
      printInternalValue();
    }

    function printInternalValue() {
      console.log("Internal value:", value);
    }

    export { value, increment, printInternalValue };

🔗 References​